ADDING MORE legumes, such as beans, peas and lentils, to European crop rotations would deliver higher nutritional value at lower environmental and resource costs, according to a recent study.

“This strategy can contribute significantly to the specific European Union Green Deal Farm to Fork objectives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, chemical pesticide use and synthetic fertilizer use,” said first author Marcela Porto Costa, of Bangor University in the UK.

“For example, in Scotland, we’ve shown that the introduction of a legume crop into the typical rotation reduced external nitrogen requirements by almost half whilst maintaining the same output of food measured in terms of potential human nutrition.”

All crops need the critical nutrient nitrogen in order to grow and, for most crops, farmers must provide nitrogen via fertilisers. However, conventional fertilisers require significant energy to produce, deplete finite resources and can pollute surrounding environment.

In contrast to other crop types, legumes are among the only crops that are capable of getting all of the nitrogen they need simply from the air around them, thanks to a symbiotic partnership with bacteria that transforms nitrogen in the air into a form that can be used by plants.

As a result, legume crops not only don’t require fertilizer themselves, they also enrich the soil with nitrogen, reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers for future non-legume crops. From a nutritional perspective, legumes are also one of the most nutrient-rich crops, providing protein, fiber, folate, iron, potassium, magnesium and vitamins.

Costa and her collaborators’ new approach is more comprehensive than previous calculations of environmental footprints because it compares 10 different crop sequences using 16 different impact categories. Their assessment also represents a timeframe of three to five years and three different European climates in Italy, Romania and Scotland.

“Our innovative approach goes beyond simple food footprints by looking at the footprint of delivering a specific quantity of human, or livestock, nutrition from all crops produced within representative crop rotations,” said Dr David Styles, who coordinated the study and is based at the University of Limerick in Ireland. “This provides a clearer picture of inter-crop effects and the overall efficiency of different cropping sequences in delivering nutritious food (or livestock feed).”

So far this approach only calculates the potential nutritional delivery. The actual amount of nutrition ultimately delivered by different rotations will also depend on how foods are processed and sold. Further research is also needed to develop better calculations for livestock feed. The team plans to extend this approach to other types of crop rotations and additional agricultural locations and climates.

“Our results strengthen evidence on the positive role that healthy diet transitions could make to environmental sustainability,” said Dr Styles. “Legumes provide a healthier balance of carbohydrates, protein and fibre compared with cereal crops, and could improve the nutritional profile of the food we eat.

“These results also highlight the need for whole-system (multi-crop, farm-to-fork) thinking when designing interventions to drive sustainable food systems so that we can deliver better nutrition whilst reducing environmental impacts,” added Ms Costa.