SCIENTISTS have identified the parts of the wheat genome that control the fibre content of white flour – raising hopes that a high-fibre white bread product could be available to consumers within five years.

An international group led by Rothamsted Research and the John Innes Centre reckons it has 'opened the door' to healthier white bread, producing new white flour that makes a good quality white loaf – but with all the added health benefits that come from eating wholemeal bread, including reduced cancer, diabetes and obesity risks.

Rothamsted Research's lead author, Dr Alison Lovegrove, said the team had achieved the breakthrough by exploiting the results of an earlier genetic screen of over 150 different wheat varieties from around the world.

“We knew that the white flour made from one particular Chinese wheat variety, Yumai 34, was unusually high in fibre, but it’s not well suited for growing in the European climate,” she said. “Using conventional breeding techniques, we crossed this high fibre trait into several other varieties. This allowed us to narrow down where in its genome the genes for high fibre are.”

Traditionally, crop varieties are improved by identifying plants with desirable traits and breeding from them. The problem with high fibre is it is not a trait you can identify by eye – and biochemical lab tests for it are slow and expensive.

“We’ve developed genetic markers that can easily be used by plant breeders to identify which individual wheat plants have the high fibre genes,” said Dr Lovegrove. "That will allow them to incorporate the high fibre into elite wheat lines – and opens the possibility of significant increases in dietary fibre intake for everyone."

According to Rothamsted, the quest to increase fibre in white bread through breeding had stalled in recent years – with various manufacturers instead producing 'half-and-half' loaves that contain both white and wholemeal flours, or have fibre from other sources added.

Dr Lovegrove said: “We hope to go on and identify further genes that increase fibre content, thereby providing plant breeders, millers and food producers with even more options.”

The conventional breeding of a new wheat variety is a slow process with breeders having to select wheat lines with high yield and disease resistance, but the team are hopeful high fibre bread and other products made from white flour will be a staple within just five years now that breeders have a new tool with which to screen wheat lines.

Dietary fibre describes those carbohydrates we get from plant-based foods that aren’t digested in the small intestine and has been shown to have a number of health benefits, including lowering blood pressure, improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the incidence of certain types of cancer.

Although the mechanisms are incompletely understood they include a reduction in the time taken for food to pass through the intestines; binding cholesterol and carcinogens; promoting the growth of healthy bacteria in the gut; and reducing the rate of both digestion and glucose release in the small intestine. Government advice suggests adults should eat about 30g of fibre a day, but the average adult in the UK currently only eats about 18g.

Whilst wholemeal is widely regarded as being much better for us, white bread still outsells it, making up three quarters of the roughly 12 million loaves sold in the UK each day.